The art
Challenging Art provides a few clues to this strange
disappearance. This big book tells the story of Artforum from its
inauspicious beginnings in San Francisco in 1962, through its glory days as the
influential review of
‘Challenging Art takes the form of a “conversation”’, Newman tells us, ‘although each speaker was interviewed individually.’ One sees why immediately: some wounds are not healed, to put it mildly, and we watch others reopen as the participants reminisce. Even the initiate needs a scorecard to keep track of all the old account-settling and new point-making; depressingly, old divisions between formalist and social-historical approaches, theoretical and belle-lettristic voices, and autonomous and engaged positions are reaffirmed. Yet all this festering reminds us that good criticism is often born of great resentment. It also makes the book good fun to read, with the photographs alone worth the price of admission. Most are baby pictures (these critics were a precocious bunch), and some look hilarious today. With black glasses, cigar and suit, the cerebral painter Frank Stella resembles a young Groucho Marx before a shaped canvas of 1966, while the critic Barbara Rose, his wife at the time, looks mod but overmatched next to two apparent strippers at a Claes Oldenburg happening in 1964. Also reproduced is the notorious 1974 Artforum spread showing the artist Lynda Benglis, naked, tanned and oiled, holding a massive dildo to her crotch—and cracking apart an already tense editorial board as she does so. Opinions still swirl around this flamboyant gesture. Was it a feminist assertion of power, or the opposite? A mocking of the art market, or an act of self-promotion taken to a soft-porn extreme that let loose the Jeff Koonses and Damien Hirsts of the world? For associate editors like Krauss and Michelson, who walked out (in part to found October magazine), the answers seemed clear enough.
Artforum is identified with the Big Apple, but it began on the Left Coast, humbly enough, in a San Francisco gallery where Leider—a lit-crit type from New York—worked as an assistant. Along with his early collaborators James Monte and John Coplans, Leider outgrew the Beat-dominated Bay Area, and moved the magazine to Los Angeles in 1965. With artists like Ed Keinholz and curators like Walter Hopps, the LA scene was livelier; Andy Warhol first showed his Campbell soup cans at the Ferus Gallery in 1962, and Marcel Duchamp had an influential retrospective at the Pasadena Art Museum in 1963. A couple of years here prepared Leider for the move to New York in 1967. This was a very different setting once again.
New York was a big step closer to Europe, though you couldn’t have guessed it from Artforum. In the wake of Abstract Expressionism, later dubbed ‘the Triumph of American Painting’, ambitious artists and critics in the US were chauvinistic about home-bred modernism, and liked to imagine the Old World as played out. ‘Europe was in total shreds and decadent and used up’, Rose gushes here, ‘and we had people like Barnett Newman and Pollock and really great artists’. This is the artistic version of the American Century or Manifest Destiny: after the European deluge comes Abstract Expressionism, and after Ab Ex comes us. However, several witnesses intimate another factor in this national hubris: many of these young radicals were kids of immigrants and/or Jews for whom the US was ‘Still The New World’ (as the title of a boosterish book by Philip Fisher has it) and Europe an ambiguous past to be either forgotten or overcome. Other conditions set up this new generation as well. It was maybe the very last, Leider suggests, ‘to get one of those great educations in the public school systems’ of big cities like New York and Washington. It also benefited from the postwar boom in American universities, with new MA and MFA programmes that gave this group—whether champions of abstract painting or critics of the modernist lineage—a historical consciousness and philosophical sophistication without precedent in the States.
Ambivalence towards a ‘used up’ Europe was already structural to the writing of Clement Greenberg, the éminence grise of critics like Leider, Fried, Rose and Krauss. In his 1961 summa, ‘Modernist Painting’, Greenberg details all that American art had ‘criticized’ and ‘abandoned’, only to conclude: ‘Nothing could be further from the authentic art of our time than the idea of a rupture of continuity’. In Challenging Art both allies and enemies agree that Greenberg transformed the relatively marginal position of art criticism in the 1940s and 50s (it was not central to ‘the New York intellectual’ formed around Partisan Review, which was primarily literary in focus) through the sheer cogency of his formalist briefs for Pollock, Newman and others—how this painting worked, and why it was necessary for its time.
Yet Greenberg was not the only star in the critical sky. In fact it was only after his collection of essays Art and Culture appeared in 1962 that his thought worked its way deep into this generation. This was the same year Artforum was founded, and about the time that his writing hardened into fundamentalist pronouncements. Several witnesses also attest to the formative influence of the contextual teachings of Meyer Schapiro, the great art historian at Columbia University whose writings ranged from Romanesque architecture to Rothko abstractions. The triangulation of father-figures was completed by Harold Rosenberg, later art critic at the New Yorker and professor at the University of Chicago, who moved methodologically between the other two patriarchs, and served as a role model for an additional subset of Artforum writers, Max Kozloff chief among them. Yet for the critics who most marked Artforum—first Fried and Rose, then Michelson and Krauss—Rosenberg was mere ‘fustian’, an aspersion that also fell on poet-critics like Frank O’Hara and John Ashbery (and later Peter Schjeldahl and Carter Ratcliff) associated with ArtNews magazine under its editor Tom Hess. This was not art criticism as a ‘serious discipline’.